Cats are often known to spit, hiss and scratch. While the reasons for such aggressive behaviour are sometimes unknown, fear and defence are common causes of aggression. Learning to heed the warning signs can help you to prevent it.

Cats are territorial and sometimes surprisingly emotional creatures. Environmental or social changes can trigger extremes in our cats' behaviour which, although disturbing to see, are quite normal.

For example, extreme fear may provoke hissing, spitting and biting. Similarly, territorially defensive cats may stalk, make a shrill sound or howl and even pounce on perceived intruders. 

These emotions are often triggered by the sight, smell or sounds of unfamiliar cats outdoors. In some cases, however, the source of aggression is simply never identified. An extreme reaction can be redirected to the nearest available target, such as another cat in the home or even a member of your family. Where possible, try to exclude these aggressive triggers and provide a calming atmosphere for your cat within your home.

In some cases, cats become aggressive as an attention seeking behaviour. In this case, redirect your cat's aggressive behaviour on to something more appropriate such as toys.

Take your cat to the vet to rule out any general medical conditions causing this behaviour. 

If your cat is in good physical health, your vet will either be able to offer you appropriate behavioural advice or refer you to a behavioural counsellor.