Vaccinations are an essential part of a dog’s healthcare regime – from his puppy days to his senior status.

Vaccinations, when given regularly, should afford dogs long-term, lifetime protection against the serious and sometimes fatal diseases caused by viruses.

Once in their system, a vaccine mimics a particular virus or bacteria, triggering the body's own immune response. After that, the immune response is ready and prepared to fight any future infection by that virus.

Puppies should begin vaccinations at between 6 and 8 weeks of age, so schedule a visit to your vet as soon as you can. Most vaccines are injected as part of a series, and one year after the last in the series, your dog will need boosters.

Vaccination protocols may vary, so follow your vet's recommended vaccination programme. Your vet will also be able to advise you on the range of vaccinations your dog should take.

Canine distemper
What: A highly contagious and potentially fatal virus affecting the respiratory, gastrointestinal and nervous systems. It generally spreads as an airborne infection, with vaccination the only effective control.
When: Injections at six, nine and twelve weeks of age, followed by boosters every two years. Can be given in combination with other vaccines.

Infectious canine hepatitis (adenovirus)
What: This viral disease affects the liver, kidneys and the cells lining the blood vessels, causing high fever, thirst, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, liver damage and haemorrhaging.
When: The initial vaccination is given as a series, at six, nine and twelve weeks of age, and is often combined with vaccinations against distemper. This is usually followed by a booster every two years.

Parvovirus
What: A common but deadly viral infection, with symptoms including severe diarrhoea, fever and vomiting.
When: A series of vaccinations at six, nine and twelve weeks of age, followed by a booster vaccine every two years.

Leptospirosis
What: A bacteria that affects the kidney and liver.
When: A series, at nine and twelve weeks of age, followed by yearly boosters, which can be given in combination with other vaccines.

Parainfluenza virus (bordetella)
What: One of the causes of 'kennel cough', this virus is highly contagious and attacks the respiratory system.
When: Initial inoculations are given at six weeks, followed by boosters every year.